Short answer
In substance, yes. The Shahadah is the Islamic creed. It says there is no god but Allah (﷾) and that the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) is His Messenger. The Bible states the first half plainly. In Isaiah, God (﷾) says there is no God beside Him. Jesus called "The Lord our God is one Lord" the first of all the commandments. Jesus also spoke in the creed's two parts. He prayed that people would know "the only true God", and the one whom God (﷾) had sent. That is one God and a messenger. The Bible also foretells a prophet like Moses, with God's (﷾) words in his mouth. Muslims hold that this prophet is Muhammad (ﷺ).
Full explanation
What the Shahadah says
The Shahadah (the testimony of faith) has two parts. The first is that there is no god but Allah (﷾). The second is that Muhammad (ﷺ) is the Messenger of Allah (﷾). The Qur'an states both. The Prophet (ﷺ) named this testimony the first of the five things on which Islam is built. The first part is tawhid (the oneness of God (﷾)). The second is risala (messengership): God (﷾) speaks to people through the messengers He sends. Allah (﷾) is God's (﷾) own name in Arabic. Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also call God Allah.
“Know, therefore, that there is no god but Allah, and ask forgiveness for thy fault, and for the men and women who believe: for Allah knows how ye move about and how ye dwell in your homes.”
“Muhammad is the messenger of Allah”
Ibn Umar reports that the Prophet (ﷺ) said Islam is built on five: to bear witness that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, to establish the prayer, to pay zakah, to perform the pilgrimage, and to fast the month of Ramadan.
The first half in the Bible
The Hebrew prophets and Jesus both state the first half. In Isaiah, God (﷾) says there is no God beside Him, and none else. The Shema (the prayer that begins "Hear, O Israel") in Deuteronomy says the Lord our God (﷾) is one Lord. A scribe once asked Jesus which commandment came first. He answered with those same words. In the Bible's own words, these verses say what the first half of the Shahadah says. God (﷾) is one, and there is no god beside Him.
“Tell ye, and bring them near; yea, let them take counsel together: who hath declared this from ancient time? who hath told it from that time? have not I the Lord? and there is no God else beside me; a just God and a Saviour; there is none beside me.”
“Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is one Lord:”
“And Jesus answered him, The first of all the commandments is, Hear, O Israel; The Lord our God is one Lord:”
One God (﷾), and one He sent
In John 17:3 Jesus is praying to the Father. He says that eternal life is to know "thee the only true God", and Jesus Christ, "whom thou hast sent". The only true God (﷾) is the one Jesus prays to. Jesus places himself as the one God (﷾) sent. The only true God (﷾), and a messenger He sent: that is the shape of the Shahadah.
“And this is life eternal, that they might know thee the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast sent.”
The messenger still to come
God (﷾) told Moses that He would raise up a prophet "from among their brethren, like unto thee", and put His words in his mouth. Muslims hold that this is Muhammad (ﷺ). Like Moses, he had a father and a mother, married and had children, and brought a full law. Like Moses, he led his followers out from persecution and ruled his people. Like Moses, he was not condemned and put to death by his people. Muslims read "their brethren" as the sons of Ishmael, the brother of Isaac. The Torah itself calls another nation descended from Abraham, the children of Esau, Israel's "brethren". To say that Muhammad (ﷺ) is the Messenger of Allah (﷾) is to accept that prophet.
“I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him.”
“And command thou the people, saying, Ye are to pass through the coast of your brethren the children of Esau, which dwell in Seir; and they shall be afraid of you: take ye good heed unto yourselves therefore:”
The common word
The Qur'an invites Jews and Christians to exactly this common ground. They are to worship none but God (﷾), and to take no partners and no lords beside Him.
“Say: "O People of the Book! come to common terms as between us and you: That we worship none but Allah; that we associate no partners with him; that we erect not, from among ourselves, Lords and patrons other than Allah." If then they turn back, say ye: "Bear witness that we (at least) are Muslims (bowing to Allah's Will).”
Verse by verse
John 17:3 — Gospel of John, chapter 17, verse 3
“And this is life eternal, that they might know thee the only true God, and Jesus Christ, whom thou hast sent.”
Cited for
Eternal life is to know both the Father and Jesus Christ, so Jesus is set beside God as divine.
The response
The verse gives the title "the only true God" to one alone: the Father, to whom Jesus is praying. Jesus is "whom thou hast sent". To know the one true God (﷾) and to know the messenger He sent is exactly what the Shahadah asks.
Where it lands — The verse separates the only true God (﷾) from the one He sent. It matches the creed of Islam, not the Trinity.
Acts 3:22 — Acts of the Apostles, chapter 3, verse 22
“For Moses truly said unto the fathers, A prophet shall the Lord your God raise up unto you of your brethren, like unto me; him shall ye hear in all things whatsoever he shall say unto you.”
Cited for
Peter says the prophet like Moses is Jesus, so the promise is already fulfilled.
The response
The test Moses gave is likeness to Moses. Moses gave a new law, ruled his people, and was not condemned and put to death by his own people. Jesus came to fulfil the law, not to replace it, and said his kingdom was not of this world. He was born without a father, as Muslims and Christians agree. Christians hold that he was condemned by the council of his own people and died on a cross. Muhammad (ﷺ) matches Moses on each of these points. He also came from the sons of Ishmael, whom Muslims read as the "brethren" of Israel. In verse 18, where God (﷾) Himself speaks, the words are only "from among their brethren". The Torah uses that word for fellow Israelites (Deuteronomy 17:15). It also calls Esau's sons Israel's "brethren" (Deuteronomy 2:4), so the word covers Israel's kin too. The priests asked John the Baptist whether he was the Christ, and then whether he was "that prophet". They treated these as two different men, and so did the crowds who heard Jesus (John 1:21; 7:40-41).
Where it lands — On the test Moses himself set, "like unto thee", Muhammad (ﷺ) fits and Jesus does not.
Perspectives
Mainstream Christian
Christians confess one God, as Isaiah and the Shema teach, but hold that the one God is Father, Son and Holy Spirit. They read John 17:3 as naming Jesus beside the Father as the one whom it is eternal life to know. They hold that Peter applies the prophet like Moses to Jesus.
John 17:3 names knowing Jesus Christ, together with the Father, as eternal life. Christians read this as placing Jesus beside God.
Rebuttal
The verse gives the title "the only true God" to one alone, the Father, to whom Jesus is praying. Jesus is "whom thou hast sent". To know the one true God (﷾) and the messenger He sent is exactly what the Shahadah asks. In the same Gospel Jesus calls the Father "my God, and your God" (John 20:17).
In Acts 3:22 Peter quotes Moses' promise of a prophet like him and applies it to Jesus.
Rebuttal
Peter does apply the promise to Jesus. But the test Moses gave is likeness to Moses, and Muhammad (ﷺ) fits it point by point. He brought a new law, ruled his people, and was not put to death by them. Jesus, as Christians describe him, does not. Even in Jesus' day, the questioners of John the Baptist and the crowds treated the Christ and "that prophet" as two different men.
The Islamic perspective
Both halves of the Shahadah stand in the Bible in substance. One is the one true God with none beside Him. The other is a messenger He sends. The Bible also foretells a prophet like Moses, whom Muslims know as the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ).
The Qur'an states both parts of the creed. There is no god but Allah (﷾), and Muhammad (ﷺ) is the messenger of Allah (﷾).
Isaiah records God (﷾) saying there is no God beside Him.
Jesus named the oneness of God (﷾), in the words of the Shema, the first of all the commandments.
In John 17:3 Jesus calls the Father the only true God (﷾) and calls himself the one God (﷾) sent.
The prophet like Moses promised in Deuteronomy 18:18 fits Muhammad (ﷺ) better than any other prophet.
The Qur'an calls Jews and Christians to the common ground of worshipping God (﷾) alone.