Short answer
Yes. Some copies found by the Dead Sea, from around the time of Jesus, show forms of the text that differ by whole passages. The Greek Jeremiah is about a seventh shorter than the Hebrew, and the Greek Job about a sixth shorter. Add up the ages in Genesis, and the Hebrew, Greek and Samaritan texts date the Flood hundreds of years apart. At 1 Samuel 13:1 the standard Hebrew text has lost Saul's age. Jeremiah himself spoke of the false pen of the scribes. The Qur'an says the Torah was changed by those who kept it, and Allah (﷾) promises in it to guard the Qur'an.
Full explanation
The oldest complete copy
The oldest complete Hebrew Bible that survives whole today is the Leningrad Codex, copied in 1008-1009 CE. The only older one, the Aleppo Codex of about 930 CE, lost most of its Torah after the riots in Aleppo in 1947. Before the Dead Sea Scrolls were found in 1947, nearly all that was known of the Hebrew text came from medieval copies. One school of scribes, the Masoretes, made them.
The standard handbook on the text of the Hebrew Bible. The oldest complete Hebrew Bible that survives is the medieval Leningrad Codex (1008-1009 CE). The Scrolls show the scriptures circulating in several different text forms around the turn of the era. The Samaritan Pentateuch differs from the Jewish Masoretic text in about 6,000 places; the Greek Septuagint's Jeremiah is shorter than the Hebrew by about one-seventh and orders its chapters differently, and its Job is about a sixth shorter. The ages in the genealogies of Genesis 5 and 11 differ between the three texts, so their chronologies of the Flood and the creation differ by centuries.
Dead Sea copies that differ by whole passages
When older copies came to light, some showed forms of the scriptures that differ by whole passages at the time of Jesus. Some scrolls are close to the medieval text. Others follow the Hebrew behind the Septuagint, the old Greek translation that the New Testament writers usually quote. One of these is a Jeremiah scroll with the shorter form of the book. Others match the Samaritan Torah, the Torah kept by the Samaritan people. Others match none of them. The Samaritan Torah differs from the Jewish text in about 6,000 places. Some are small, but not all: it dates the Flood centuries apart from the Hebrew. The Greek Jeremiah is about a seventh shorter. The Greek Job is about a sixth shorter.
The standard handbook on the text of the Hebrew Bible. The oldest complete Hebrew Bible that survives is the medieval Leningrad Codex (1008-1009 CE). The Scrolls show the scriptures circulating in several different text forms around the turn of the era. The Samaritan Pentateuch differs from the Jewish Masoretic text in about 6,000 places; the Greek Septuagint's Jeremiah is shorter than the Hebrew by about one-seventh and orders its chapters differently, and its Job is about a sixth shorter. The ages in the genealogies of Genesis 5 and 11 differ between the three texts, so their chronologies of the Flood and the creation differ by centuries.
Sorts the biblical Dead Sea Scrolls into groups. Some are close to the medieval Masoretic text; some follow the Hebrew text behind the Greek Septuagint, among them 4QJer-b, which has the shorter form of Jeremiah; some are close to the Samaritan Pentateuch; and many follow none of these. The Great Isaiah Scroll differs from the Masoretic text in many small details of spelling and grammar, while agreeing with it in content in most places.
How old was the world at the Flood?
Genesis 5 gives each father's age when his son was born, and Noah was six hundred at the Flood. Add the ages in the Hebrew, and the Flood comes in year 1656 from creation. In the Greek the fathers are often a hundred years older, starting with Adam, and the Flood comes in year 2242. In the Samaritan text it comes in year 1307. Scholars who compare the three conclude that scribes revised the numbers on purpose. A Christian who wants his Bible's date for the Flood must first choose which Bible.
“And Adam lived an hundred and thirty years, and begat a son in his own likeness, after his image; and called his name Seth:”
“And Noah was six hundred years old when the flood of waters was upon the earth.”
In the Greek Septuagint, Adam is two hundred and thirty years old when Seth is born, not one hundred and thirty as in the Hebrew. The Greek gives a hundred more years before the son's birth to five other fathers before the Flood as well.
Compares Genesis 1-11 in the Hebrew (Masoretic), Samaritan and Greek (Septuagint) texts. The ages of the fathers in the genealogies of Genesis 5 and 11 differ systematically between the three, and Hendel argues the differences come from deliberate revisions of the chronology by scribes.
A verse that lost its numbers
At 1 Samuel 13:1 the Hebrew says Saul was a year old when he began to reign. It says he reigned two years. That cannot be right. The King James follows the Hebrew and bends the sense. The JPS 1917 translation, made by Jewish scholars, leaves a blank for the age. The World English Bible fills in thirty and forty-two. Three public-domain Bibles print three different verses because the number was lost in copying. A slip in one old copy is not a slip in the text itself. Here the standard Hebrew text has lost the number, so every Bible must guess.
“Saul reigned one year; and when he had reigned two years over Israel,”
“Saul was a—years old when he began to reign; and two years he reigned over Israel.”
“Saul was thirty years old when he became king, and he reigned over Israel forty-two years.”
Jeremiah and the Qur'an agree
Jeremiah rebuked those who said the law of the LORD was with them. He said the false pen of the scribes had made it a lie. The Qur'an says Allah (﷾) revealed the Torah to Moses as guidance and light. It says of those who received it later that they changed words from their places and forgot a good part of the message. It also warns of those who write the Book with their own hands and then say it is from Allah (﷾).
““ ‘How do you say, “We are wise, and Yahweh’s law is with us?” But, behold, the false pen of the scribes has made that a lie.”
“It was We who revealed the law (to Moses): therein was guidance and light. By its standard have been judged the Jews, by the prophets who bowed (as in Islam) to Allah's will, by the rabbis and the doctors of law: for to them was entrusted the protection of Allah's book, and they were witnesses thereto: therefore fear not men, but fear me, and sell not my signs for a miserable price. If any do fail to judge by (the light of) what Allah hath revealed, they are (no better than) Unbelievers.”
“But because of their breach of their covenant, We cursed them, and made their hearts grow hard; they change the words from their (right) places and forget a good part of the message that was sent them, nor wilt thou cease to find them- barring a few - ever bent on (new) deceits: but forgive them, and overlook (their misdeeds): for Allah loveth those who are kind.”
“Then woe to those who write the Book with their own hands, and then say:"This is from Allah," to traffic with it for miserable price!- Woe to them for what their hands do write, and for the gain they make thereby.”
The Book that was guarded
The Qur'an says Allah (﷾) sent it down and will guard it from corruption. Many people memorised it in the lifetime of the Prophet (ﷺ), and scribes whose names are known wrote it down. One of them, Zayd ibn Thabit, gathered it into one volume soon after his death. He used the written pieces and those who knew it by heart. So a slip in one copy did not become the text. No printed Qur'an needs a note that a number is lost. Every copy in the world has the same 114 surahs.
“We have, without doubt, sent down the Message; and We will assuredly guard it (from corruption).”
Zayd ibn Thabit reports that after many who knew the Qur'an by heart were killed at Yamama, Abu Bakr asked him to gather the Qur'an into one volume, reminding him that he used to write down the revelation for the Messenger of Allah. Zayd collected it from written pieces and from the memories of men, and the finished copy passed from Abu Bakr to Umar and then to Hafsa.
The Christian replies, and the answers
Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (3rd ed., 2012), on the Qumran texts
Sorts the biblical Dead Sea Scrolls into groups. Some are close to the medieval Masoretic text; some follow the Hebrew text behind the Greek Septuagint, among them 4QJer-b, which has the shorter form of Jeremiah; some are close to the Samaritan Pentateuch; and many follow none of these. The Great Isaiah Scroll differs from the Masoretic text in many small details of spelling and grammar, while agreeing with it in content in most places.
Cited for
The Dead Sea Scrolls prove the Old Testament was preserved. The Isaiah scroll is a thousand years older than the medieval copies and says the same thing.
The response
One scroll of one book matching well does not make the whole text preserved. The same caves hold a Jeremiah that follows the shorter Greek book. They hold texts that match the Samaritan Torah, and many that follow no single later text. The scrolls show forms of the Bible that differ by whole passages, not only by spelling.
Where it lands — The scrolls show forms of the Hebrew text that differ by whole passages in the time of Jesus.
Jeremiah 8:8 — Nevi'im, Yirmeyahu, chapter 8, verse 8
““ ‘How do you say, “We are wise, and Yahweh’s law is with us?” But, behold, the false pen of the scribes has made that a lie.”
Cited for
Christians read Jeremiah 8:8 as a rebuke of scribes who taught the law falsely, not of scribes who changed the written text.
The response
The verse does not speak of teaching. It speaks of a pen, the scribe's tool for writing, and says the pen made the law a lie. That is a charge against the written text. The copies that survive show the same thing. Numbers were revised in Genesis, a number was lost in Samuel, and whole books differ in length between Hebrew and Greek.
Where it lands — Jeremiah blames the scribes' pen, and the surviving copies show that the text was changed.
Isaiah 40:8 — Nevi'im, Yeshayahu, chapter 40, verse 8
“The grass withereth, the flower fadeth: but the word of our God shall stand for ever.”
Cited for
The differences are small and touch no doctrine.
The response
The Greek Jeremiah lacks about a seventh of the Hebrew book, and the Flood's date moves by hundreds of years. These are not spelling slips. A Bible in which a seventh of Jeremiah, or centuries of its dates, depend on which text is read is not one fixed text. The Qur'an's promise of a guarded Book stands against that.
Where it lands — The differences reach the size of whole books and the Bible's own chronology, not only spelling.
Perspectives
Evangelical Christian
God has preserved His word. The Dead Sea Scrolls, a thousand years older than the medieval copies, show that the Hebrew text was copied with great care. The differences touch no doctrine.
The Great Isaiah Scroll from Qumran is about a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex. In most places its content agrees with the Masoretic text.
Rebuttal
Granted, the Great Isaiah Scroll shows careful copying of that one book. But one book matching well says nothing about the rest. The same caves hold a Jeremiah that follows the shorter Greek book, a seventh shorter than the Hebrew.
Christians hold that none of these differences changes any teaching of the faith, because God's word stands for ever.
Rebuttal
Islam agrees that God's (﷾) word stands for ever. But these are not spelling slips. The Greek Jeremiah is about a seventh shorter, and the Flood's date moves by hundreds of years. The Qur'an says the Torah was entrusted to its rabbis and scholars to guard (5:44), and that men changed words in it (5:13). Allah (﷾) Himself guards the Qur'an (15:9).
Jewish: the scribes kept every letter
Jewish tradition holds that the Torah has been copied letter by letter, by scribes bound by strict rules. The Dead Sea Scrolls, a thousand years older than the medieval codices, show how carefully it was kept.
The Great Isaiah Scroll from Qumran is about a thousand years older than the medieval copies. In most places its content agrees with the Masoretic text.
Rebuttal
The same scholar shows the wider picture. The Scrolls show the scriptures circulating in several text forms around the turn of the era, the Samaritan Torah differs from the Jewish text in about 6,000 places, and the Greek Jeremiah is shorter by about one-seventh. Careful copying kept one of those forms; it could not undo the division that came before. The Qur'an has one text, written by the Prophet's (ﷺ) own scribes.
The Islamic perspective
The Torah was revealed by Allah (﷾) to Moses, but the text in people's hands was changed by those who kept it. The Qur'an, revealed to the Prophet (ﷺ), is the Book Allah (﷾) promised to guard.
The Dead Sea Scrolls show forms of the Hebrew scriptures around the time of Jesus that differ by whole passages.
The Samaritan Torah differs from the Jewish text in about 6,000 places. Some are small, but not all: it dates the Flood centuries apart from the Hebrew. The Greek Jeremiah is about a seventh shorter than the Hebrew.
The Hebrew, Greek and Samaritan texts of Genesis give different ages for the fathers. So they date the Flood to the years 1656, 2242 and 1307 from creation.
At 1 Samuel 13:1 a number has been lost from the Hebrew, and translations print different verses.
Jeremiah accuses the scribes of making the law a lie with a false pen.
The Qur'an teaches that the Torah was revealed by Allah (﷾) and later changed by those entrusted with it.
The Qur'an was written down by the Prophet's (ﷺ) own scribes. It was gathered into one volume soon after his death.