Short answer
Yes. The Pali texts, the oldest Buddhist scriptures, describe hells and a judge. In one discourse the wardens of hell bring a wrongdoer before King Yama. Yama questions him about the warnings he ignored in life. Then he suffers in a hell of fire, where he does not die until his bad deed is used up. The Buddha says he knows this for himself. Another discourse measures one lifetime in a single hell by a cartload of sesame seeds, with one seed taken away every hundred years. So the oldest Buddhist texts do not escape judgement. What they lack is a Judge who can forgive. The Qur'an says Allah (﷾) judges every soul with perfect justice. It also says He forgives all sins to those who turn back to Him.
Full explanation
Brought before King Yama
In the Messengers of the Gods discourse, the Buddha says the wardens of hell take a wrongdoer by the arms and present him to King Yama. They ask Yama to punish him. Yama questions him about five messengers he saw in life: a newborn baby, an old person, a sick person, a criminal being punished and a corpse. Each was a warning to do good while there was time. The man admits he was careless. Yama tells him that no one else did his bad deed, and he alone will bear the result.
“The wardens of hell take them by the arms and present them to King Yama, saying, 'Your Majesty, this person did not pay due respect to their mother and father, ascetics and brahmins, or honor the elders in the family. May Your Majesty punish them!' King Yama pursues, presses, and grills them about the first messenger of the gods:”
King Yama asks the wrongdoer about five messengers of the gods that he saw among human beings: a little baby lying in its own urine and feces, an old person bent double and trembling, a person gravely ill, a criminal arrested by the rulers and punished, and a corpse two or three days dead. Each time he asks why the man did not think to do good, and the man says he was negligent.
“That bad deed wasn't done by your mother, father, brother, or sister. It wasn't done by friends and colleagues, by relatives and kin, by ascetics and brahmins, or by the deities. That bad deed was done by you alone, and you alone will experience the result.”
The Great Hell
Then comes the Great Hell, where flames surge from wall to wall. There he suffers sharp, severe pain, but he does not die until his bad deed is used up. The Buddha ends by saying that he does not repeat this from others. He says it because he has known and seen it for himself.
“Now in the Great Hell, flames surge out of the walls and crash into the opposite wall: from east to west, from west to east, from north to south, from south to north, from bottom to top, from top to bottom. And there they suffer painful, sharp, severe, acute feelings—but they don't die until that bad deed is eliminated.”
“Now, I don't say this because I've heard it from some other ascetic or brahmin. I only say it because I've known, seen, and realized it for myself.”
How long it lasts
A monk named Kokalika was reborn in the Pink Lotus hell for resenting two of the Buddha's chief disciples. Asked how long a life there lasts, the Buddha gives a measure. Take a cartload of sesame seed, and remove one seed every hundred years. The cart would be empty before one lifetime in the first hell was over. Each of the nine hells after it lasts twenty times as long as the one before. The last of them is the Pink Lotus hell. The Buddha also says how hard it is to get out. A one-eyed turtle comes up from the ocean once every hundred years. It would put its neck through a yoke floating there sooner than a fool who has fallen to the underworld is born human again.
“He was reborn in the Pink Lotus hell because of his resentment for Sāriputta and Moggallāna.”
“"Suppose there was a Kosalan load of twenty packs of sesame seed. And at the end of every hundred years someone would remove a single seed from it. By this means the Kosalan load of twenty packs of sesame seed would run out faster than a single lifetime in the Abbuda hell. Now, twenty lifetimes in the Abbuda hell equal one lifetime in the Nirabbuda hell. Twenty lifetimes in the Nirabbuda hell equal one lifetime in the Ababa hell. Twenty lifetimes in the Ababa hell equal one lifetime in the Aṭaṭa hell. Twenty lifetimes in the Aṭaṭa hell equal one lifetime in the Ahaha hell. Twenty lifetimes in the Ahaha hell equal one lifetime in the Yellow Lotus hell. Twenty lifetimes in the Yellow Lotus hell equal one lifetime in the Fragrant Water Lily hell. Twenty lifetimes in the Fragrant Water Lily hell equal one lifetime in the Blue Water Lily hell. Twenty lifetimes in the Blue Water Lily hell equal one lifetime in the White Lotus hell. Twenty lifetimes in the White Lotus hell equal one lifetime in the Pink Lotus hell. The mendicant Kokālika has been reborn in the Pink Lotus hell because of his resentment for Sāriputta and Moggallāna."”
“Mendicants, suppose a person were to throw a yoke with a single hole into the ocean. The east wind wafts it west; the west wind wafts it east; the north wind wafts it south; and the south wind wafts it north. And there was a one-eyed turtle who popped up once every hundred years. What do you think, mendicants? Would that one-eyed turtle still poke its neck through the hole in that yoke?" "No, sir. Only after a very long time, sir, if ever." "That one-eyed turtle would poke its neck through the hole in that yoke sooner than a fool who has fallen to the underworld would be reborn as a human being, I say. Why is that? Because in that place there's no principled or moral conduct, and no doing what is good and skillful.”
A judgement with no one to forgive
So the Pali texts teach a judgement after death. Yama questions, the wardens punish, and the pain lasts until the deed is used up. No one in the story can forgive it. Yama himself only wishes to be reborn a human and hear a Buddha teach. And the round of rebirth has no known beginning, so a being can fall again and again.
“Now in the Great Hell, flames surge out of the walls and crash into the opposite wall: from east to west, from west to east, from north to south, from south to north, from bottom to top, from top to bottom. And there they suffer painful, sharp, severe, acute feelings—but they don't die until that bad deed is eliminated.”
“That bad deed wasn't done by your mother, father, brother, or sister. It wasn't done by friends and colleagues, by relatives and kin, by ascetics and brahmins, or by the deities. That bad deed was done by you alone, and you alone will experience the result.”
“Once upon a time, King Yama thought: 'Those who do such bad deeds in the world receive these many different punishments. Oh, I hope I may be reborn as a human being! And that a Realized One—a perfected one, a fully awakened Buddha—arises in the world! And that I may pay homage to the Buddha! Let that Buddha teach me Dhamma, so that I may understand his teaching!'”
“this transmigration has no known beginning. No first point is found of sentient beings roaming and transmigrating, shrouded by ignorance and fettered by craving.”
Where Islam agrees
The Qur'an agrees that no one bears another's burden: each person has only what he strove for. It also says God (﷾) punishes no people until He has sent them a messenger. The Buddhist discourse calls a baby, old age, sickness, punishment and death the messengers of the gods. The Qur'an sends real messengers, men who brought God's (﷾) word.
“Namely, that no bearer of burdens can bear the burden of another; That man can have nothing but what he strives for;”
“Who receiveth guidance, receiveth it for his own benefit: who goeth astray doth so to his own loss: No bearer of burdens can bear the burden of another: nor would We visit with Our Wrath until We had sent a messenger (to give warning).”
The Judge who forgives
In Islam the Judge is Allah (﷾) Himself, who knows every deed. He sets up scales of justice, so that no soul is wronged in the least. Every atom's weight of good and evil is seen. But His mercy reaches all things. He tells those who have wronged themselves not to despair, because He forgives all sins to those who turn back to Him. The Prophet (ﷺ) said Allah (﷾) divided mercy into a hundred parts and sent only one of them down to earth.
“We shall set up scales of justice for the Day of Judgment, so that not a soul will be dealt with unjustly in the least, and if there be (no more than) the weight of a mustard seed, We will bring it (to account): and enough are We to take account.”
“Then shall anyone who has done an atom's weight of good, see it! And anyone who has done an atom's weight of evil, shall see it.”
“"And ordain for us that which is good, in this life and in the Hereafter: for we have turned unto Thee." He said: "With My punishment I visit whom I will; but My mercy extendeth to all things. That (mercy) I shall ordain for those who do right, and practise regular charity, and those who believe in Our signs;-”
“Say: "O my Servants who have transgressed against their souls! Despair not of the Mercy of Allah: for Allah forgives all sins: for He is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.”
Abu Hurayra heard the Prophet (ﷺ) say that Allah divided mercy into a hundred parts, kept ninety-nine with Himself and sent one part down to earth; from that one part all creatures show mercy to each other, so that a mare lifts her hoof from her foal for fear of treading on it. Also in Sahih Muslim 2752.
Perspectives
Buddhist replies
Buddhists give several answers. Buddhist hells do not last for ever. They may be read as states of mind. Karma works by itself, with no god to judge. And Mahayana texts, the scriptures of the Buddhism of East Asia and Tibet, promise rescue even from hell.
Mahayana texts promise rescue even from hell. The Lotus Sutra says birth, old age and disease will end for those in hell, through the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara. Amitabha vowed to bring to his Pure Land all who turn their thought to it.
Rebuttal
The Pure Land scriptures disagree about the worst sinners. The vow of Amitabha, the Buddha of the Pure Land, shuts out anyone who has committed the five deadly sins. The Pali texts list these as murdering your mother, your father or a perfected one, wounding a Buddha, and splitting the order of monks. The Meditation Sutra lets them in, and its translator notes the clash. The Qur'an speaks with one voice. Even a killer who repents, believes and does good will have his evil changed into good.
No Buddhist hell lasts forever. When the bad deed is used up, the being leaves, which is kinder than an eternal hell.
Rebuttal
One lifetime in the Pink Lotus hell lasts many times longer than it takes to empty a cartload of sesame, one seed a century. A being who leaves it is born human again more rarely than the one-eyed turtle finds the yoke. And the round of rebirth has no known beginning, so he can fall again. Islam offers a way out before death: God (﷾) forgives every sin to the one who turns back to Him.
The hells are pictures of states of mind, not real places.
Rebuttal
The discourse on the Messengers of the Gods describes wardens, a judge and walls of fire. The sentence lasts until the bad deed is used up. And the Buddha says he knows this for himself, not from what others told him.
Karma works by itself, like a law of nature, so no god judges anyone.
Rebuttal
In the Buddha's own discourse the wardens bring the wrongdoer to King Yama and ask him to punish, and Yama questions him. The texts picture a judgement. What they lack is a judge who can forgive.
The Islamic perspective
The Pali texts teach hells, and a judgement before King Yama, with no one who can forgive. In Islam the Judge is Allah (﷾). He is perfectly just and Most Merciful, and He forgives those who turn back to Him.
In the discourse on the Messengers of the Gods, the wardens bring the wrongdoer to King Yama, who questions him. Then he suffers in the Great Hell until his bad deed is used up.
The Buddha measures one lifetime in the Pink Lotus hell by a cartload of sesame. Remove one seed every hundred years, and the hell still lasts many times longer than the cart.
The Qur'an teaches that no soul is wronged on the Day of Judgement. Every atom's weight of good and evil is seen.
Allah (﷾) forgives all sins to those who turn back to Him, and His mercy extends to all things.