Short answer
No. Abrogation means God (﷾) replaced an earlier ruling with a later one, or withdrew a passage from recitation. It never reversed a fact. No statement about God (﷾), the prophets or the life to come was ever contradicted, and neither was any part of the moral law. What changed were laws, such as the direction of prayer and the steps by which wine was banned. The Qur'an says God (﷾) knows best what He reveals. A doctor who changes the prescription as the patient mends has not changed his mind about the illness. The Prophet (ﷺ) taught a people who drank and gambled, so the law came in stages they could bear. The New Testament does the same thing openly: Hebrews says the new covenant made the first one old. Islam's answer is that God's (﷾) truth never changes, while His law for people comes in stages.
Full explanation
What the Qur'an says about abrogation
The Qur'an states that when one revelation is replaced, the new one is better or equal. It says that God (﷾) knows best what He reveals. It also places all of it in the Mother of the Book (the original Book kept with God (﷾)). Nothing is replaced because God (﷾) learned something new. The plan was His from the start.
“None of Our revelations do We abrogate or cause to be forgotten, but We substitute something better or similar: Knowest thou not that Allah Hath power over all things?”
“When We substitute one revelation for another,- and Allah knows best what He reveals (in stages),- they say, "Thou art but a forger": but most of them understand not.”
“Allah doth blot out or confirm what He pleaseth: with Him is the Mother of the Book.”
What was replaced: rulings, never the truth
The cases are laws. Prayer at first faced Jerusalem and was then turned to the Sacred Mosque in Makkah. Wine was forbidden in steps. First the Qur'an said its sin is greater than its profit. Then it forbade coming to prayer while drunk. Finally it forbade wine outright. Even the first verse called its sin greater than its profit. The judgement on wine never changed; only the ban came in steps. No replacement ever contradicts what the Qur'an says about who God (﷾) is, about the prophets, about the Day of Judgement or about the moral law. A passage withdrawn from recitation was only withdrawn, not contradicted.
Al-Bara ibn Azib reports that after arriving in Madinah the Prophet (ﷺ) prayed facing Jerusalem for sixteen or seventeen months, until the direction of prayer was turned to the Kaaba.
“The fools among the people will say: "What hath turned them from the Qibla to which they were used?" Say: To Allah belong both east and West: He guideth whom He will to a Way that is straight.”
“We see the turning of thy face (for guidance to the heavens: now Shall We turn thee to a Qibla that shall please thee. Turn then Thy face in the direction of the sacred Mosque: Wherever ye are, turn your faces in that direction. The people of the Book know well that that is the truth from their Lord. Nor is Allah unmindful of what they do.”
“They ask thee concerning wine and gambling. Say: "In them is great sin, and some profit, for men; but the sin is greater than the profit." They ask thee how much they are to spend; Say: "What is beyond your needs." Thus doth Allah Make clear to you His Signs: In order that ye may consider-”
“O ye who believe! Approach not prayers with a mind befogged, until ye can understand all that ye say,- nor in a state of ceremonial impurity (Except when travelling on the road), until after washing your whole body. If ye are ill, or on a journey, or one of you cometh from offices of nature, or ye have been in contact with women, and ye find no water, then take for yourselves clean sand or earth, and rub therewith your faces and hands. For Allah doth blot out sins and forgive again and again.”
“O ye who believe! Intoxicants and gambling, (dedication of) stones, and (divination by) arrows, are an abomination,- of Satan's handwork: eschew such (abomination), that ye may prosper.”
Why the law came in stages
Aisha, the wife of the Prophet (ﷺ), explained the order herself. The early passages spoke of Paradise and the Fire. Only once people had believed did the rulings come. A first command to give up wine would have been refused. This is the doctor changing the prescription as the patient mends. The diagnosis never changed.
Aisha explains the order of revelation: the first passages spoke of Paradise and the Fire; only when people had come to Islam were the rulings on the lawful and the unlawful revealed. Had the first command been to stop drinking wine or committing adultery, she says, people would have refused to give them up.
The New Testament retires a whole covenant
Hebrews is a book of the New Testament. A covenant is an agreement between God (﷾) and a people. Hebrews says the new covenant has made the first one old and ready to vanish away. It says a change of priesthood makes a change of the law necessary. It says the earlier commandment was set aside for its weakness. Jesus himself says Moses allowed divorce because of hard hearts, though it was not so from the beginning. So on a Christian's own premises, God (﷾) replaced rulings in stages. On those premises, God (﷾) set aside far more of the Law of Moses than the Qur'an ever replaced of its own rulings.
“In that he saith, A new covenant, he hath made the first old. Now that which decayeth and waxeth old is ready to vanish away.”
“For the priesthood being changed, there is made of necessity a change also of the law.”
“For there is verily a disannulling of the commandment going before for the weakness and unprofitableness thereof.”
“He saith unto them, Moses because of the hardness of your hearts suffered you to put away your wives: but from the beginning it was not so.”
“When a man hath taken a wife, and married her, and it come to pass that she find no favour in his eyes, because he hath found some uncleanness in her: then let him write her a bill of divorcement, and give it in her hand, and send her out of his house.”
What critics say, and the answers
Qur'an 2:106 — Surat al-Baqara (The Cow), verse 106
“None of Our revelations do We abrogate or cause to be forgotten, but We substitute something better or similar: Knowest thou not that Allah Hath power over all things?”
Cited for
If God replaces a verse with a better one, the first was not the best, so God must have changed His mind.
The response
A ruling that is best for one stage is replaced by the ruling that is best for the next. The same verse says the new one may simply be equal, so the first was never an error. The Qur'an says God (﷾) knows best what He reveals.
Where it lands — Replacing a ruling on schedule is a plan carried out, not a mind changed.
Malachi 3:6 — Nevi'im, Malakhi, chapter 3, verse 6
“For I am the Lord, I change not; therefore ye sons of Jacob are not consumed.”
Cited for
God says "I change not", so a God whose law changes cannot be the God of the Bible.
The response
Islam agrees that God (﷾) does not change. His law for people can still change, and the Bible says so. Hebrews says the change of priesthood made a change of the law necessary.
Where it lands — God's (﷾) unchanging nature and a law given in stages sit together in the Bible as well as the Qur'an.
Perspectives
The critic's objection
God does not change. A book that replaces its own verses shows an author who revised his plans.
Qur'an 2:106 speaks of revelations being abrogated and replaced, which critics read as God correcting Himself.
Rebuttal
Islam agrees that God (﷾) does not change. Qur'an 2:106 says the replacement is better or equal, and 16:101 says God (﷾) knows best what He reveals. What changes is a law for people at a new stage, as Hebrews 7:12 also says.
The Islamic perspective
Abrogation is the staging of law, planned by God (﷾) from the start. It never reverses what is true about God (﷾), the prophets or the hereafter, and never contradicts the moral law. The Prophet (ﷺ) received the law in steps a new community could carry.
The Qur'an says the replacing revelation is better or equal, and that God (﷾) knows best what He reveals.
No abrogation ever reversed a statement of fact. Where a ruling changed, such as the direction of prayer or the ban on wine, what changed was what was asked of people. What is true about God (﷾), the prophets and the hereafter did not change.
Aisha reports that the rulings on the lawful and unlawful were revealed only after faith had taken root. Commands given too early would have been refused.
Hebrews says the new covenant made the first old, and the earlier commandment was set aside. So the New Testament itself replaces divine rulings.
Jesus says the Law of Moses allowed divorce because of the people's hard hearts. It was a ruling fitted to its hearers, not a change in God (﷾).